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What is Atrial Fibrillation?

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SNW-What-is-Atrial-Fibrillation-1

Written by
SickNWell Staff Writer

 
 
Understanding AFib | Causes of AFib | Symptoms and Diagnosis | Treatment Options | Key Lifestyle Changes | The Takeaway

 

Overview

Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) affecting millions worldwide.[1] 

It is characterized by an irregular and often rapid heart rate, which can lead to various health complications if left untreated. 

In this article, we will explore what atrial fibrillation is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and lifestyle changes that can help manage this condition effectively.

 

Understanding AFib

AFib occurs when the electrical signals in the heart become disorganized, causing the heart’s two upper chambers, the atria, to quiver or fibrillate.[1] 

This irregular electrical activity disrupts the heart’s normal rhythm, leading to an irregular heartbeat.[1] 

Instead of contracting and relaxing in a coordinated manner, the atria contract rapidly and irregularly, affecting the heart’s overall efficiency.[1]

 

Causes of AFib

Age: AFib is more common in older individuals, as the risk of developing this condition increases with age.[2]

Genetics: Studies have shown that a family history of AFib is associated with a 40 percent increased risk of first-degree relatives developing the condition.[2]

 

High Blood Pressure: Hypertension can strain the heart and lead to AFib.[2]

Heart Diseases: Conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart valve problems, and congenital heart defects can increase the risk of AFib.[3]

Obesity: Being overweight or obese can contribute to the development of AFib.[4]

Sleep Apnea: People with untreated sleep apnea are at a higher risk of AFib.[4]

Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can increase the risk of heart rhythm abnormalities, including AFib.[5]

Smoking and Excessive Alcohol Consumption: These lifestyle factors can increase the likelihood of developing AFib.[6]

 

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Some individuals with AFib may not experience any symptoms, while others may have noticeable signs, including:

  • Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest pain or discomfort
  • Fainting (syncope)

If you suspect you have AFib or experience any of its symptoms, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional. You can expect multiple tests for proper diagnosis, as outlined below. 

 

Medical History: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history.

Physical Examination: A physical exam can reveal irregular heartbeats and other signs of AFib.

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This test records the heart’s electrical activity and can identify AFib.

Holter Monitor: This portable device records your heart’s activity over 24-48 hours, helping to diagnose intermittent AFib.

Event monitor: Similar to a Holter monitor but worn for a more extended period, an event monitor can capture sporadic episodes of AFib.

Blood Tests: Can help identify underlying causes, such as thyroid problems.

 

What is Atrial Fibrillation-2

 

 

Treatment Options 

The management of AFib aims to control the heart rate, restore normal rhythm, and reduce the risk of complications. Treatment options include:

Medications: Doctors may prescribe antiarrhythmic drugs to restore and maintain normal heart rhythm or rate control medications to slow the heart rate.[7]

Blood thinners: Prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke. Anticoagulant medications are often prescribed.[7]

Cardioversion: This procedure involves using electrical shocks or medications to restore a regular heartbeat.[8]

Catheter ablation: This minimally invasive procedure can correct abnormal electrical pathways in the heart.[9]

Surgery: In some cases, open-heart surgery may be necessary to treat AFib, mainly if other treatments are ineffective.[10]

 

Key Lifestyle Changes 

In addition to medical treatments, lifestyle modifications can play a crucial role in managing AFib:

Healthy Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, while low in sodium and saturated fats, can help manage AFib.

Exercise: Regular physical activity can improve heart health, but it’s essential to consult a doctor before starting or changing an exercise regimen.

Stress Management: Stress can trigger AFib episodes, so relaxation techniques like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises can be beneficial.

Limit Alcohol and Caffeine: Reducing or eliminating alcohol and caffeine intake can help control AFib symptoms.

Quit Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for AFib, and quitting can improve cardiovascular health.

 

The Takeaway

AFib is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia that requires careful management to reduce the risk of complications, including stroke and heart failure. 

By understanding the causes, recognizing symptoms, seeking timely medical attention, and making necessary lifestyle changes, individuals with AFib can lead fulfilling lives while effectively managing their condition. 

If you suspect you have AFib or are at risk, consult a healthcare professional to discuss your options for diagnosis and treatment.

 

References:

  1. Nesheiwat, Z., Goyal, A., & Jagtap, M. (2023). Atrial Fibrillation. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
  2. Fox, C. S., Parise, H., D’Agostino, R. B., Sr, Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Vasan, R. S., Wang, T. J., Levy, D., Wolf, P. A., & Benjamin, E. J. (2004). Parental atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in offspring. JAMA, 291(23), 2851–2855. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.23.2851
  3. Kannel, W. B., Abbott, R. D., Savage, D. D., & McNamara, P. M. (1983). Coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Study. American heart journal, 106(2), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(83)90208-9
  4. Gami, A. S., Hodge, D. O., Herges, R. M., Olson, E. J., Nykodym, J., Kara, T., & Somers, V. K. (2007). Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49(5), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.060
  5. Benjamin, E. J., Levy, D., Vaziri, S. M., D’Agostino, R. B., Belanger, A. J., & Wolf, P. A. (1994). Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA, 271(11), 840–844.
  6. Staerk, L., Sherer, J. A., Ko, D., Benjamin, E. J., & Helm, R. H. (2017). Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Outcomes. Circulation research, 120(9), 1501–1517. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.309732
  7. Gutierrez, C., & Blanchard, D. G. (2011). Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and treatment. American family physician, 83(1), 61–68.
  8. Chevalier P, Durand-Dubief A, Burri H, et al. Amiodarone versus placebo and class Ic drugs for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. 2003. In: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet]. York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 1995-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK70186/
  9. McCallum, C. J., Raja, D. C., & Pathak, R. K. (2019). Atrial fibrillation: an update on management. Australian prescriber, 42(6), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2019.067
  10. McClure, G. R., Belley-Cote, E. P., Jaffer, I. H., Dvirnik, N., An, K. R., Fortin, G., Spence, J., Healey, J., Singal, R. K., & Whitlock, R. P. (2018). Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 20(9), 1442–1450. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux336